北极村樟子松与落叶松林区空气负离子浓度及其与气象因子的关系

为了揭示空气负氧离子浓度与林种及相关气象条件之间的关系,笔者于2013年夏、秋两季对北极村地区选取的具有代表性的样地进行负氧离子浓度的观测及研究,通过时间尺度平均值及相关性分析的方法,对采集数据进行统计分析,并得出北极村地区负氧离子浓度的总体水平以及其与林种和气象因子之间的变化关系。结果表明:漠河北极村空气负离子浓度的总体水平处于548~1203个/cm~3,平均值为892个/cm~3,负氧离子浓度大体上与空气温度呈正相关、与空气湿度呈负相关。落叶松样地整体负氧离子水平高于樟子松样地,不同季节对负氧离子浓度也有较大影响。揭示出北极村地区负氧离子浓度与林种、季节以及气象因子之间的变化关系。     

不同马尾松杂种F_1代早期生长的比较

在福建省大田梅林国有林场连续4年调查火炬松×马尾松、湿地松×马尾松杂种F1代以及马尾松纯种苗木造林早期生长情况,结果表明：幼树存活率在造林4年后趋于稳定,且火炬松×马尾松杂种F1存活率高于湿地松×马尾松。火炬松×马尾松、湿地松×马尾松杂种F1代和马尾松纯种3个树种4年生以下（含4年生）幼树的平均地径（胸径）、抽梢、树高生长总体大小依次为：火炬松×马尾松〉湿地松×马尾松〉马尾松纯种,但3个树种间差异均不显著。4年生（48个月）幼树火炬松×马尾松杂种F1代和马尾松纯种平均树高差异显著;50个月生幼树火炬松×马尾松杂种F1代和马尾松纯种间、湿地松×马尾松杂种F1代与马尾松纯种间差异显著,但火炬松×马尾松与湿地松×马尾松间差异不显著。     

浅谈樟子松的播种育苗技术

文章对樟子松的播种育苗技术进行了详细论述,包括如何选育苗地、施底肥、种子催芽、作床、播种、播种后及苗期的抚育管理、越冬保护、移植苗培育等,这些技术在生产实践中具有较强的实用意义。     

明甪直天王殿松木斗拱振动台试验研究

以甪直保圣寺天王殿斗拱为参考对象,进行无缩尺松木斗拱模型的地震台试验研究。通过对斗拱的加速度与动力放大系数变化趋势、斗拱在振动过程中位移响应变化特征、斗拱变形最大时刻和各构件变形最大时刻的滑移位移和回转位移数值对比分析,得出以下结论：地震加速度用于衡量地震烈度,并不能直接反映斗拱试件的最大变形;振动频率的变化对斗拱回转变形的变化起重要作用,振幅是决定各构件水平滑移的主要因素;各构件变形最大值与斗拱整体变形最大值具有很强相关性,其中栌斗和华拱的回转变形对斗拱的整体变形而言,处于支配地位;斗拱的华拱连下昂部分主要起装饰作用,其榫卯连接节点位置在振动过程中较为薄弱,在对实际文物维护修缮过程中应引起重视并采取相关加固措施。     

松花粉破壁方法的比较研究

以松花粉为主要原料,分别采用纤维素酶法、超声波法、发酵法和旋风破碎法对松花粉进行了破壁研究,并从不同角度对几种方法进行了比较。     

湿地松优良半同胞家系蛋白质及糖类对水分胁迫的生理响应

为研究湿地松优良半同胞家系蛋白质及糖类对水分逆境的生理响应，采用盆栽试验和吸光度测定结合的方法，以湿地松普通种子为对照（CK），测定了七个湿地松半同胞家系在正常水分状态（土壤相对含水量为70%）、弱度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量为55%~60%）、中度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量为35%~40%）和强度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量为20%~25%）条件下的可溶性蛋白质、还原性糖、可溶性糖的含量，研究结果表明：无论是不同水分梯度还是不同家系水平，蛋白质、还原性糖、可溶性糖含量的差异均达极显著性水平。随着水分胁迫程度的加剧，各家系蛋白质含量呈先升后降的趋势，在水分胁迫初期，各家系蛋白质含量增加，水分胁迫中、后期各家系蛋白含量呈直线下降；随着水分胁迫的加剧，各家系还原性糖、可溶性糖含量呈直线上升。家系1027、101、464在水分胁迫条件下具有较高的可溶性糖含量，其抗旱性较其它家系要强，是这三个家系速生、高产的生理原因之一。     

Prediction of pine mistletoe infection using remote sensing imaging: A comparison of the artificial neural network model and logistic regression model

In this study, the prediction of pine mistletoe distribution in Scots pine ecosystems was explored using remote sensing variables to compare the multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN) and logistic regression (LR) model performances. For this purpose, 109 sample plots were distinguished in pure Scots pine forests (natural) in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Distinguishing mistletoe-infected stands (69) and uninfected stands (40) was performed with field observations. The variables acquired from Landsat 8 (Level 1) images were used as independent variables for independent-sample t-test, MLP ANN and LR models. Remote sensing variables indicated that mistletoe-infected stands were in drier areas with a lower vegetation-leaf area index. Based on the performance results of both models, the sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of the MLP ANN model were superior to those of the LR model. The prediction percentages (SEN, SPE, PPV and NPV) of mistletoe-infected stands were better than the prediction percentages of uninfected stands. The prediction accuracies of LR and MLP ANN models were 74.3% and 89.6%, respectively. However, all remote sensing variables were included in the prediction equation of the MLP ANN model, while the thermal infrared 1 (TIRS1) variable was included in the LR model. In the MLP ANN model, the TIRS1 variable also had the highest normalized importance (100%). The area under the curve (AUC) value for identifying the mistletoe-infected stands of Scots pine forests used by the MLP ANN model (0.892 ± 0.034) was higher than in the LR model (0.838 ± 0.039), explaining the more accurate predictions obtained from the MLP ANN model. The MLP ANN model showed much better performance than the LR model. The results of this study are expected to make important contributions to the identification of potential mistletoe-infected areas.     

Artificial inoculation and susceptibility of Pinus armandii to Dothistroma septosporum

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is a serious needle disease of conifers that primarily affects pine species (Pinus spp.). Dothistroma septosporum is one of the DNB pathogens that has a diverse range of host species excluding Pinus armandii. In 15 inoculated P. armandii seedlings, D. septosporum acervuli were observed in 43 infected needles of ten seedlings with a mean disease severity of 1.11% at 25 weeks after inoculations, demonstrating the potential of D. septosporum to cause symptoms on the needles of P. armandii via artificial inoculation. The disease severity of P. armandii was similar to the positive control, Pinus nigra (median 0.75 for P. armandii to 0.70 for P. nigra), thus, P. armandii acts under artificial conditions as a susceptible host species.     

昆虫取食和剪叶刺激对油松针叶内部分防御物质的诱导效应

为了研究自然条件下昆虫取食及剪叶刺激对油松诱导抗性的影响,本试验应用香草醛—盐酸法,亚硝酸钠—硝酸铝比色法以及紫外分光光度法,分析了剪叶和不同程度油松毛虫取食处理后,混交林和纯林中油松针叶内部分次生代谢物和蛋白酶抑制剂活性的动态变化。结果表明:剪叶及不同程度油松毛虫取食能够诱导缩合单宁、黄酮含量和胰蛋白酶抑制剂、胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂活性增加。与对照相比,胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂在混交林中的活性比纯林更为明显。说明剪叶及昆虫取食可诱导增加油松针叶内的缩合单宁和黄酮含量、提高胰蛋白酶抑制剂和胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂的活性,进而增强油松的抗虫性,林分类型可在一定程度上影响油松诱导防御物质的变化。     

Short Root Densities and Surface Phosphatase Activities of Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes in a Slash Pine Plantation

Abstract

Mineralization is the dominant process controlling soil-solution P in the Spodosols of the southeastern United States. Pine trees growing in these soils are typically colonized by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi that are known to produce phosphatases. Little, however, is known of the dynamics of EM short roots or phosphatase activity in tree plantations. To address this question, short root densities, EM morphotypes, and associated surface acid phosphomonoesterase in a 12-year-old Pinus elliottii plantation in northern Florida were evaluated. The density of total (living and dead) short roots changed little from February through June, with a mean of 7.6 cm³ soil. The majority of the short roots, however, were inactive or dead with only 14 to 38% appearing viable upon visual inspection. The majority of the viable short roots were mycorrhizal. The most abundant morphotypes were formed by Cenococcum and Thelephora but these had low phosphatase activity. In contrast, less frequently observed morphotypes had substantially higher rates of enzyme production and these may play an important role in sustainable P nutrition of plantation trees.